a) Electricity value
b) Advantages and disadvantages of power factor
i) Main bus bars
a) Power saving Calculate
c) Explanation of the graph
5. Miniature fluorescent lamp and peculiar GLS lamps
a) Advantages and drawbacks of fluorescent lamp and extraordinary GLS lamps
b) Cost of Miniature fluorescent lamp and extraordinary GLS lamps
1a) Discuss briefly the elements governing tariff structures.
The tariff construction of vitality is governed by the components:
Demand
The demand degree of power will decide the tariff construction of vitality, when the demand is excessive the tariff is more likely to be low and when the demand is low the tariff is more likely to be high.
Rate
The charge charge of unit consumption of energy may also decide the construction of vitality tariffs; the speed is the unit cost of 1 unit of vitality consumed.
Distribution voltage
The distribution voltage can even determine the structure of vitality tariff when the distribution voltage is excessive then the tariff is more likely to be high.
User utility:
The different issue that determines the construction ids the consumer application, this is whether or not the consumption is for home utility or for industrial or industrial functions.
Accounting methods
The other determining issue is the accounting methodology used in figuring out the consumption stage of electricity, essentially the most used software of determining the consumption degree is the usage of electric meters that determine the watt consumption degree over a time frame.
Social and economic components:
The structure of vitality tariff may even be decided through considering the social and economic elements in a region, the adoption of a certain construction will take into accounts other elements of a region.
1b) Describe a typical tariff for:-
i) domestic consumers
The domestic consumer can pay for the variety of models consumed per thirty days, these fees may embrace a month-to-month standing cost, for example the rate will likely be charged per KWH, for example a domestic consumer could also be required to pay a twenty dollar standing charge and along with this pay 40 cents per KWH. The tariff can even change in terms of peak and off peak consumption, peak items will likely be charged larger than off peak.
ii) industrial customers
An industrial consumer will still pay a standing month-to-month charge if applicable, he may even be required to pay for the variety of items consumed per 30 days, for industrial consumption of power the consumer will pay much less due to bulk consumption than the home consumer, peak prices can be larger than the off peak expenses and summer season tariffs may even be different from the winter charges the place winter fees will likely be greater than the summer tariffs.
2) A factory with a foundry and a machine store has a maximum demand of 750 kW and a load factor of 0.2. The tariff is 20 Pound/kW of maximum demand + 4 Pence/kWh of vitality consumed.
a) Calculate the annual price of electrical energy.
Load factor = (KWH/ whole KWH) X 100
0.2 = (750/ Y)
Cost for max demand 750 X 20 = 15000
Total value = 15000 +150 = 15150 pounds
b) Discuss briefly a method by which the energy price of the manufacturing unit could also be reduced with out lowering the number of kWh consumed.
Because most of tariffs are charged higher during peak hours then the agency could cut back the cost of energy by utilising the off peak hours when the tariffs are lower. Lower vitality prices can be achieved by decreasing the load factor of the agency, if the firm achieves a lower load elements then the price of power can be lower which can be achieved without reducing the variety of KWH consumed.
3a) State one technique of elevating the general energy factor of an industrial load.
Use of an energy corrector either passive or lively (PFC)
3b) Discuss briefly the benefits and disadvantages of making use of power issue correction at:
i) the main bus bars
Advantage:
The use of a filter can reduce the harmonic current
Disadvantage:
The rectifier used in this case is non linear and subsequently there's energy on the harmonics of the frequency of the input current.
The above drawback also posses an issue to the energy providing company as they can't rectify this downside, whereby they cannot use capacitors to rectify the harmonic present
ii) individual hundreds
It is a useful technique inpower factor correction
It is straightforward to adjust the correction stage because the correction acts as a variable capacitor
Disadvantages:
It will not be price effective because it requires the set up on each load or machine
4) A manufacturing facility has most demand of 400 kW at a lagging power factor such that 600 kVAr of re-lively power must be supplied.
The tariff in operation includes a most demand charge of 12 Pound/kVA.
Consider the effect of adding capacitor banks to the system in SIX phases, each drawing 100 kVAr leading. The capital fees on every 100 kVAr bank are four hundred Pound per annum.
a) Calculate the net saving and total power issue at every stage.
Power factor = actual energy (p) watts/ apparent power (s) volt amperes
S2 =P2 + Q2
preliminary
zero
593.9994338
1079.999122
1457.998975
1727.99892
1889.998907
1943.998906
b) Plot a graph of internet saving (vertically) against total power issue (horizontally)
c) Explain what your results and graph present.
From the above graph it's clear that as we improve the number of bank capacitors the response vitality is lowered till it is zero, the agency makes a save on their price of energy as shown above.
5) Energy-efficient lamps are miniature fluorescent lamp designed to switch abnormal GLS lamps.
a) Discuss briefly the advantages and downsides of energy-efficient lamps in contrast with different sources of illumination.
Advantages of miniature fluorescent
Longer life span
Cannot be used at low voltages
Do not lender desired color
Advantages of GLS lamps
They lender good color
Consume extra energy
Short life span
b) Obtain manufacture's data and evaluate the full cost of utilizing an power-efficient lamp with that of an peculiar GLS lamp, assuming illumination is supplied for 8000 hours.
GLS price in kilos
Florescent value in kilos
Electricity bulbs (2007) benefits and drawbacks of GLS and florescent, retrieved on thirteenth October
The E Shops(2007)bulb prices, retrieved on 13th October
Lewis Evans (2006) Alternating Currents, Victoria University Press, New Zealand
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